A karfe yankan aiki, za a yi daban-daban workpiece kayan, daban-daban kayan da sabon samuwar da kau halaye ne daban-daban, ta yaya za mu ƙware da halaye na daban-daban kayan?Iso Standard kayan karfe sun kasu kashi 6 iri daban-daban, kowannensu yana da kaddarorin musamman a cikin sharuddan da machinable kuma za'a taƙaita daban a wannan labarin.
Kayan ƙarfe sun kasu kashi 6:
(1) Karfe
(2) M-bakin karfe
(3) K-simintin ƙarfe
(4) N- Karfe ba na tafe ba
(5) S- Alloy mai jure zafi
(6) H-taurin karfe
Menene karfe?
- Karfe shine mafi girman rukuni na kayan aiki a fagen yankan karfe.
- Karfe na iya zama mara tauri ko mai zafi (taurin har zuwa 400HB).
- Karfe alloy ne tare da baƙin ƙarfe (Fe) a matsayin babban sashinsa.Ana yin ta ta hanyar aikin narkewa.
- Karfe wanda ba a haɗa shi ba yana da abun ciki na carbon ƙasa da 0.8%, Fe kawai kuma babu sauran abubuwan alloying.
- Abubuwan da ke cikin carbon ɗin ƙarfe na gami bai wuce 1.7% ba, kuma ana ƙara abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, kamar Ni, Cr, Mo, V, W, da sauransu.
- Ƙananan abun ciki na carbon = m abu mai danko.
- Babban abun ciki na carbon = abu mara ƙarfi.
Halayen sarrafawa:
- Dogon guntu abu.
- Sarrafa guntu yana da sauƙin sauƙi kuma mai santsi.
- Ƙarfe mai laushi yana da ɗanko kuma yana buƙatar yanke yanke mai kaifi.
- Ƙarfin yankan naúrar kc: 1500 ~ 3100 N/mm².
- Ƙarfin yankewa da ƙarfin da ake buƙata don aiwatar da kayan ISO P suna cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙimar ƙima.
Menene bakin karfe?
- Bakin karfe shine kayan gami da aƙalla 11% ~ 12% chromium.
- Abubuwan da ke cikin carbon yawanci ƙananan ne (ƙananan kamar 0.01% Max).
- Alloys sun fi Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum) da Ti (titanium).
- Yana samar da babban Layer na Cr2O3 akan saman karfen, yana mai da shi juriya ga lalata.
A cikin rukunin M, yawancin aikace-aikacen suna cikin mai da gas, kayan aikin bututu, flanges, sarrafawa da masana'antar harhada magunguna.
Kayan yana da nau'i na rashin daidaituwa, kwakwalwan kwamfuta mai laushi kuma yana da ƙarfin yankewa fiye da karfe na yau da kullum.Akwai nau'ikan bakin karfe daban-daban.Ayyukan karya guntu (daga sauƙi zuwa kusan ba zai yiwu ba don karya kwakwalwan kwamfuta) ya bambanta dangane da halayen gami da maganin zafi.
Halayen sarrafawa:
- Dogon guntu abu.
Sarrafa guntu yana da santsi a cikin ferrite kuma mafi wahala a austenite da biphase.
- Ƙarfin yankan naúrar: 1800 ~ 2850 N/mm².
- Babban yanke ƙarfi, haɓaka guntu, zafi da ƙarfin aiki yayin injin.
Menene simintin ƙarfe?
Akwai manyan nau'ikan simintin ƙarfe guda uku: baƙin ƙarfe simintin ƙarfe (GCI), ƙarfen simintin ƙarfe na nodular (NCI) da simintin simintin ƙarfe (CGI).
- baƙin ƙarfe na simintin ya ƙunshi Fe-C, tare da ƙaramin abun ciki na silicon (1% ~ 3%).
- Abubuwan da ke cikin carbon fiye da 2%, wanda shine mafi girman solubility na C a cikin lokacin austenite.
- Cr (chromium), Mo (molybdenum) da V (vanadium) ana ƙara su don samar da carbides, ƙara ƙarfi da taurin amma rage machinability.
An fi amfani da rukunin K a sassa na kera motoci, masana'antar injin da kera ƙarfe.
Guntuwar kayan sun bambanta, daga kusan guntun foda zuwa guntu masu tsayi.Ikon da ake buƙata don aiwatar da wannan rukunin kayan yawanci ƙarami ne.
Lura cewa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin baƙin ƙarfe na simintin toka (wanda yawanci yana da guntu waɗanda kusan foda ne) da baƙin ƙarfe na ductile, wanda ƙwanƙwasa guntu a lokuta da yawa ya fi kama da karfe.
Halayen sarrafawa:
- Short guntu kayan.
- Kyakkyawan sarrafa guntu a duk yanayin aiki.
- Ƙarfin yankan naúrar: 790 ~ 1350 N/mm².
- Abrasive lalacewa yana faruwa lokacin da ake yin injina cikin sauri mafi girma.
- Ƙarfin yankan matsakaici.
Menene kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba?
- Wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi karafa marasa ƙarfe, ƙarfe masu laushi da taurin ƙasa da 130HB.
Ƙarfe marasa ƙarfi (Al) tare da kusan 22% silicon (Si) sun kasance mafi girman kaso.
- Copper, tagulla, tagulla.
Masu kera jiragen sama da masu kera ƙafafun motar aluminium sun mamaye rukunin N.
Ko da yake ƙarfin da ake buƙata a kowace mm³ (inci cubic) yana da ƙasa, har yanzu yana da mahimmanci don ƙididdige iyakar ƙarfin da ake buƙata don samun ƙimar cire ƙarfe mai girma.
Halayen sarrafawa:
- Dogon guntu abu.
- Idan alloy ne, sarrafa guntu yana da sauƙi.
- Karfe marasa ƙarfe (Al) suna da ɗanko kuma suna buƙatar amfani da gefuna masu kaifi.
- Ƙarfin yankan naúrar: 350 ~ 700 N/mm².
- Ƙarfin yankewa da ƙarfin da ake buƙata don aiwatar da kayan ISO N suna cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙimar ƙima.
Menene gami da ke jure zafi?
Alloys masu jure zafi (HRSA) sun haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe da yawa, nickel, cobalt ko kayan tushen titanium.
- Rukuni: Iron, nickel, cobalt.
- Yanayin aiki: annealing, maganin zafi na bayani, maganin tsufa, mirgina, ƙirƙira, simintin gyaran kafa.
Siffofin:
Babban abun ciki na gami (cobalt ya fi nickel) yana tabbatar da mafi kyawun juriya na zafi, ƙarfin juriya mai ƙarfi da juriya mai girma.
Abubuwan S-group, waɗanda ke da wahalar sarrafawa, ana amfani da su galibi a cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya, injin turbin gas da masana'antar janareta.
Kewayon yana da faɗi, amma manyan rundunonin yankewa yawanci suna nan.
Halayen sarrafawa:
- Dogon guntu abu.
- Sarrafa guntu yana da wahala (chip chips).
- Ana buƙatar kusurwar gaba mara kyau don yumbu kuma ana buƙatar kusurwar gaba mai kyau don ciminti carbide.
- Ƙarfin yanke raka'a:
Domin zafi-resistant gami: 2400 ~ 3100 N/mm².
Don titanium gami: 1300 ~ 1400 N / mm².
- Babban yanke ƙarfi da ƙarfin da ake buƙata.
Menene taurin karfe?
- Daga mahangar sarrafawa, taurin karfe yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi.
- Wannan rukunin yana ƙunshe da ƙarfe masu zafi tare da taurin> 45 zuwa 65HRC.
Gabaɗaya, kewayon taurin sassa masu wuya da ake juya gabaɗaya shine tsakanin 55 da 68HRC.
Ana amfani da karafa mai tauri a rukunin H a masana'antu iri-iri, kamar masana'antar kera motoci da 'yan kwangilar sa, da kuma aikin ginin injina da ayyukan ƙira.
Yawanci ci gaba, ja-zafi kwakwalwan kwamfuta.Wannan babban zafin jiki yana taimakawa wajen rage ƙimar kc1, wanda ke da mahimmanci don taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin aikace-aikacen.
Halayen sarrafawa:
- Dogon guntu abu.
- Ingantacciyar kulawar guntu mai kyau.
- Ana buƙatar kusurwar gaba mara kyau.
- Ƙarfin yankan naúrar: 2550 ~ 4870 N/mm².
- Babban yanke ƙarfi da ƙarfin da ake buƙata.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-24-2023