Juyawa yana amfani da lathe don cire abu daga waje na kayan aiki mai jujjuya, yayin da m yana cire abu daga cikin kayan aikin juyawa.#base
Juyawa shine tsarin cire abu daga diamita na waje na kayan aiki mai juyawa ta amfani da lathe.Masu yankan aya guda ɗaya suna yanke ƙarfe daga aikin aikin zuwa (mafi kyau) gajere, guntu masu kaifi waɗanda ke da sauƙin cirewa.
A CNC lathe tare da m yankan gudun iko ba da damar mai aiki don zaɓar da yankan gudun, sa'an nan inji ta atomatik daidaita RPM kamar yadda yankan kayan aiki wuce daban-daban diamita tare da m kwane-kwane na workpiece.Hakanan ana samun lathes na zamani a cikin gyare-gyaren turret guda ɗaya da nau'ikan turret guda biyu: turret guda ɗaya suna da axis a kwance da kuma a tsaye, kuma tururuwa biyu suna da gatari biyu na kwance da a tsaye kowane turret.
Kayan aikin jujjuyawa na farko sune ƙaƙƙarfan guda huɗu masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka yi da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi tare da rake da kusurwoyin sharewa a gefe ɗaya.Lokacin da kayan aiki ya dushe, maƙeran yana kaifafa shi akan injin niƙa don maimaita amfani.Har yanzu kayan aikin HSS sun zama ruwan dare akan tsofaffin lathes, amma kayan aikin carbide sun fi shahara, musamman a sigar maki ɗaya.Carbide yana da mafi kyawun juriya da tauri, wanda ke ƙara yawan aiki da rayuwar kayan aiki, amma ya fi tsada kuma yana buƙatar ƙwarewa don yin regrind.
Juyawa shine haɗin linzamin kwamfuta (kayan aiki) da motsi na rotary (workpiece).Saboda haka, an bayyana saurin yankewa a matsayin nisa na juyawa (an rubuta kamar sfm - ƙafar ƙafa a minti daya - ko smm - murabba'in mita a minti daya - motsi na batu a saman sashin a cikin minti daya).Matsakaicin ciyarwa (wanda aka bayyana a cikin inci ko millimeters a kowace juyin juya hali) shine tazarar madaidaiciyar da kayan aikin ke tafiya tare ko saman saman kayan aikin.Hakanan ana bayyana ciyarwa a matsayin nisan layi (a/min ko mm/min) wanda kayan aiki ke tafiya cikin minti ɗaya.
Bukatun ƙimar ciyarwa sun bambanta dangane da manufar aiki.Misali, a cikin roughing, babban ciyarwa sau da yawa sun fi kyau don haɓaka ƙimar cire ƙarfe, amma ana buƙatar ƙarfi da ƙarfin injin.A lokaci guda, jujjuyawar ƙarewa na iya rage saurin ciyarwa don cimma ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin da aka ƙayyade a cikin zanen ɓangaren.
A tasiri na wani sabon kayan aiki dogara sun fi mayar a kan kwana na kayan aiki dangi da workpiece.Sharuɗɗan da aka ayyana a wannan sashe sun shafi yankewa da shigar da sharewa sannan kuma ana amfani da kayan aikin maƙasudi ɗaya.
Babban kusurwar rake (wanda kuma aka sani da kusurwar rake na baya) shine kusurwar da aka kafa tsakanin kusurwar da aka saka da kuma layi mai daidaitawa zuwa aikin aikin lokacin da aka duba shi daga gefe, gaba da baya na kayan aiki.Babban kusurwar rake yana da kyau lokacin da babban kusurwar rake ya ragu daga wurin yanke zuwa cikin shank;tsaka tsaki lokacin da layin da ke saman abin da aka saka ya yi daidai da saman shank;da tsaka tsaki idan an karkatar da shi daga wurin yanke.ya fi mai riƙe da kayan aiki, kusurwar rake na sama mara kyau..An raba ruwan wukake da hannaye zuwa kusurwoyi masu kyau da mara kyau.Ingantattun abubuwan sakawa suna da ɓangarorin ɓangarorin kuma masu dacewa da madaidaitan kusurwoyin rake na gefe.Abubuwan da aka saka mara kyau suna da murabba'i dangane da saman ruwan kuma sun dace da iyawa tare da sama mara kyau da kusurwar rake na gefe.Babban kusurwar rake na musamman ne saboda ya dogara da lissafin abin da aka saka: ƙasa mai kyau ko kafaffen guntu na iya canza ingantaccen kusurwar rake daga korau zuwa tabbatacce.Manyan kusurwar rake kuma ayan zama mafi girma ga taushi, mafi ductile workpiece kayan da bukatar manyan m karfi kwana, yayin da wuya, stiffer kayan an fi yanka tare da tsaka tsaki ko korau geometry.
A gefen rake kwana kafa tsakanin karshen fuskar ruwa da wani layi perpendicular zuwa workpiece, kamar yadda gani daga karshen fuska.Wadannan kusurwoyi suna da kyau idan an karkatar da su daga gefen yanke, tsaka tsaki lokacin da suke daidai da yankan gefen, kuma mara kyau idan an karkatar da su zuwa sama.Yiwuwar kauri na kayan aiki ya dogara da kusurwar rake na gefe, ƙananan kusurwoyi suna ba da damar yin amfani da kayan aiki masu kauri waɗanda ke haɓaka ƙarfi amma suna buƙatar manyan rundunonin yankewa.Manyan kusurwoyi suna samar da ƙananan kwakwalwan kwamfuta da ƙananan buƙatun ƙarfi, amma bayan matsakaicin kusurwar da aka ba da shawarar, yankan gefen yana raunana kuma an rage canja wurin zafi.
Ƙarshen yankan katako an kafa shi tsakanin yankan gefen wuka a ƙarshen kayan aiki da layi mai tsayi zuwa baya na rike.Wannan kusurwa yana bayyana rata tsakanin kayan aikin yankan da ƙarshen aikin aikin.
Ƙarshen taimako yana samuwa a ƙasa da ƙarshen yankewa kuma an kafa shi a tsakanin ƙarshen fuska na sakawa da layi mai tsayi zuwa tushe na shank.Tukwici overhang yana ba ku damar yin kusurwar taimako (wanda aka kafa ta ƙarshen shank da layin daidai da tushen shank) ya fi girma fiye da kusurwar taimako.
Ƙwararren ƙwanƙwasa yana kwatanta kusurwar da ke ƙarƙashin gefen yanke gefen.An kafa shi ta bangarorin ruwan wukake da layi mai tsayi zuwa tushe na rike.Kamar yadda yake tare da maigidan na ƙarshe, overhang yana ba da damar taimako na gefe (wanda aka kafa ta gefen hannun hannu da layin daidai da tushe na rike) ya fi girma fiye da taimako.
An kafa kusurwar jagora (wanda kuma aka sani da kusurwar yankan gefe ko kusurwar jagora) tsakanin gefen yankan gefen abin da aka saka da gefen mariƙin.Wannan kusurwa yana jagorantar kayan aiki a cikin kayan aiki, kuma yayin da yake karuwa, an samar da guntu mai fadi, mai zurfi.Halin lissafi da yanayin kayan aikin kayan aiki sune manyan dalilai a zabar kusurwar jagora na kayan aikin yanke.Misali, kayan aikin da ke da kusurwar helix mai ƙarfi na iya samar da gagarumin aiki lokacin da ake yankan sintered, datsewa, ko taurare saman ba tare da yin tasiri sosai ga gefen kayan aikin ba.Dole ne masu aiki su daidaita wannan fa'idar tare da ƙara jujjuyawar juzu'i da rawar jiki, saboda manyan kusurwoyi masu ɗagawa suna haifar da manyan rundunonin radial.Sifili farar juya kayan aikin samar da guntu nisa daidai da zurfin yanke a cikin juya ayyuka, yayin da yankan kayan aikin tare da kwana na alkawari ba da damar m zurfin yanke da m guntu nisa ya wuce ainihin zurfin yanke a kan workpiece.Yawancin ayyukan juyawa ana iya yin su yadda ya kamata tare da kewayon kusurwar kusanci na digiri 10 zuwa 30 (tsarin awo yana juyar da kwana daga digiri 90 zuwa akasin haka, yana yin kyakkyawan kusurwar kusurwa na digiri 80 zuwa 60).
Dukan tip da bangarorin dole ne su sami isasshen taimako da taimako don ba da damar kayan aiki don shigar da yanke.Idan babu rata, babu kwakwalwan kwamfuta da za su yi, amma idan babu isasshen tazara, kayan aikin zai shafa kuma ya haifar da zafi.Kayan aikin jujjuya maki guda shima yana buƙatar taimako na fuska da gefen don shigar da yanke.
Lokacin juyawa, aikin aikin yana ƙarƙashin tangential, radial da axial yankan sojojin.Mafi girman tasiri akan amfani da makamashi ana yin su ne ta hanyar dakaru masu ƙarfi;sojojin axial (ciyarwa) danna sashin a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya;da radial (zurfin yanke) sojojin ayan tura workpiece da kayan aiki mariƙin baya.“Yanke ƙarfi” shine jimlar waɗannan runduna uku.Don kusurwar sifili na haɓaka, suna cikin rabo na 4: 2: 1 (tangential: axial: radial).Yayin da kusurwar jagorar ya karu, ƙarfin axial yana raguwa kuma ƙarfin yankan radial yana ƙaruwa.
Nau'in shank, radius na kusurwa, da kuma saka sifa suma suna da babban tasiri akan yuwuwar matsakaicin tsayin tsayin juyi na juyawa.Wasu haɗe-haɗe na saka radius da mariƙin na iya buƙatar diyya mai girma don samun cikakkiyar fa'idar yanke.
Ingancin saman a cikin jujjuya ayyukan ya dogara da tsauri na kayan aiki, injin da kayan aiki.Da zarar an kafa taurin, ana iya amfani da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ciyarwar injin (a/rev ko mm/rev) da sakawa ko bayanin martaba na kayan aiki don tantance ingancin saman aikin.An bayyana bayanin martabar hanci a cikin radius: zuwa wani ɗan lokaci, radius mafi girma yana nufin kyakkyawan ƙarewa, amma babban radius na iya haifar da girgiza.Don ayyukan injin da ke buƙatar ƙasa da mafi kyawun radius, ana iya buƙatar rage ƙimar ciyarwa don cimma sakamakon da ake so.
Da zarar an kai matakin ƙarfin da ake buƙata, yawan aiki yana ƙaruwa tare da zurfin yanke, ciyarwa da sauri.
Zurfin yanke shine mafi sauƙin haɓaka, amma haɓakawa yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da isassun kayan aiki da ƙarfi.Sau biyu zurfin yanke yana ƙara yawan aiki ba tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki ba, ƙarfin ƙarfi, ko yanke ƙarfi kowane inci mai siffar sukari ko santimita (wanda kuma aka sani da takamaiman ƙarfin yanke).Wannan yana ninka ƙarfin da ake buƙata, amma rayuwar kayan aiki ba a rage ba idan kayan aiki ya cika buƙatun don yankewar tangential.
Canza ƙimar ciyarwa shima yana da sauƙi.Sau biyu adadin ciyarwar yana ninka kaurin guntu kuma yana ƙaruwa (amma baya ninki biyu) ƙarfin yankan tangential, yanke zafin jiki, da ƙarfin da ake buƙata.Wannan canjin yana rage rayuwar kayan aiki, amma ba ta rabi ba.Ƙarfin yankan ƙayyadaddun (ƙarar yankan da ke da alaƙa da adadin kayan da aka cire) kuma yana raguwa tare da haɓaka ƙimar abinci.Yayin da adadin ciyarwar ya karu, ƙarin ƙarfin da ke aiki akan yankan gefen zai iya haifar da dimples don samar da saman saman rake na abin da aka saka saboda karuwar zafi da gogayya da aka haifar yayin yanke.Masu aiki dole ne su saka idanu akan wannan canjin a hankali don guje wa gazawar bala'i inda kwakwalwan kwamfuta suka fi karfi fiye da ruwa.
Ba hikima ba ne don ƙara saurin yankewa idan aka kwatanta da canza zurfin yanke da ƙimar ciyarwa.Haɓakawa cikin sauri ya haifar da haɓaka mai mahimmanci a cikin yankan zafin jiki da raguwar ƙarfi da ƙayyadaddun rundunonin yankewa.Sau biyu saurin yankan yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi kuma yana yanke rayuwar kayan aiki da fiye da rabi.Ana iya rage ainihin nauyin da ke kan rake na sama, amma mafi girman yanayin zafi har yanzu yana haifar da craters.
Saka lalacewa alama ce ta gama gari na nasara ko gazawar kowane aiki na juyawa.Sauran alamomin gama gari sun haɗa da kwakwalwan kwamfuta marasa karɓuwa da matsaloli tare da kayan aiki ko na'ura.A matsayinka na gaba ɗaya, mai aiki ya kamata ya nuna abin da aka saka zuwa 0.030 in. (0.77 mm).Don kammala ayyukan, dole ne mai aiki ya yi nuni a nisa na 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) ko ƙasa da haka.
Masu riƙon sakawa masu ma'ana ta injina suna bin ka'idodin tsarin gane ISO da ANSI tara.
Harafin farko a cikin tsarin yana nuna hanyar haɗa zane.Nau'o'in gama gari guda huɗu sun fi yawa, amma kowane nau'in ya ƙunshi bambance-bambance da yawa.
Nau'in C abun da ake sakawa yana amfani da matsi na sama don abubuwan da ba su da rami na tsakiya.Tsarin ya dogara gabaɗaya akan gogayya kuma ya fi dacewa don amfani tare da ingantattun abubuwan sakawa a cikin matsakaici zuwa haske mai juyi da aikace-aikace masu ban sha'awa.
Abubuwan da ake sakawa M suna riƙe da kushin kariya na rami mai sakawa tare da kulle kamara wanda ke danna abin da aka saka a bangon rami.Matsi na sama yana riƙe da baya na abin da aka saka kuma yana hana shi daga ɗagawa lokacin da aka yi amfani da nauyin yankan zuwa ƙarshen abin da aka saka.M abubuwan da aka saka sun dace musamman don ramin rami mara kyau a cikin matsakaita zuwa juyi mai nauyi.
Abubuwan da ake sakawa na nau'in S suna amfani da filayen Torx ko Allen amma suna buƙatar ƙwanƙwasa ko ƙwanƙwasa.Screws na iya kamawa a yanayin zafi mai girma, don haka wannan tsarin ya fi dacewa da haske zuwa matsakaicin juyawa da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa.
Abubuwan da ake sakawa na P sun dace da ma'aunin ISO don juya wukake.Ana danna abin da aka saka a bangon aljihu ta hanyar lever mai juyawa, wanda ke karkata lokacin da aka saita dunƙule mai daidaitawa.Waɗannan abubuwan da ake sakawa sun fi dacewa da rake mara kyau da ramuka a matsakaici zuwa aikace-aikacen juyi mai nauyi, amma ba sa tsoma baki tare da ɗagawa yayin yankan.
Sashe na biyu yana amfani da haruffa don nuna siffar ruwan wukake.Kashi na uku yana amfani da haruffa don nuna haɗakar madaidaicin ko kashe-kashe da kusurwoyin helix.
Harafi na huɗu yana nuna kusurwar gaba na hannu ko kusurwar baya na ruwa.Don kusurwar rake, P shine madaidaicin kusurwar rake lokacin da jimillar kusurwar sharewa ta ƙarshe da kusurwar ƙugiya ta kasa da digiri 90;N shine kusurwar rake mara kyau lokacin da jimillar waɗannan kusurwoyi ya fi digiri 90;O shine kusurwar rake mai tsaka-tsaki, wanda adadinsa daidai yake da digiri 90.Madaidaicin kusurwar sharewa yana nuna ɗaya daga cikin haruffa da yawa.
Na biyar shine harafin da ke nuna hannu tare da kayan aiki.R yana nuna cewa kayan aiki ne na hannun dama wanda ke yanke daga dama zuwa hagu, yayin da L yayi daidai da kayan aiki na hagu wanda ke yanke daga hagu zuwa dama.N kayan aikin suna tsaka tsaki kuma suna iya yankewa a kowace hanya.
Sashe na 6 da 7 sun bayyana bambance-bambance tsakanin tsarin ma'auni na masarauta da awo.A cikin tsarin daular, waɗannan sassan sun dace da lambobi masu lamba biyu waɗanda ke nuna ɓangaren maƙallan.Ga masu murabba'in murabba'in, lambar ita ce jimlar ɗaya ta goma sha shida na faɗin kuma tsayi (5/8 inch ita ce sauyawa daga "0x" zuwa "xx"), yayin da na ɓangarorin rectangular, ana amfani da lambar farko don wakiltar takwas na fadin.kwata, lambobi na biyu yana wakiltar kwata na tsayi.Akwai ƴan keɓantawa ga wannan tsarin, kamar hannun 1¼” x 1½”, wanda ke amfani da nadi 91. Tsarin awo yana amfani da lambobi biyu don tsayi da faɗi.(wane tsari.) Don haka, ruwan wukake mai tsayi 15 mm tsayi da faɗin 5 mm zai sami lamba 1505.
Sashe na VIII da IX suma sun bambanta tsakanin raka'a na sarki da awo.A cikin tsarin daular, sashe na 8 yayi magana game da ma'auni na sakawa, kuma sashe na 9 yana ma'amala da tsayin fuska da kayan aiki.Girman ruwan wuka yana ƙayyade girman da'irar da aka rubuta, a cikin ƙarin kashi ɗaya bisa takwas na inci.Ƙarshe da tsayin kayan aiki ana nuna su ta haruffa: AG don yarda da girman kayan aiki na baya da ƙarshen, da MU (ba tare da O ko Q) don yarda da girman kayan aiki na gaba da ƙare ba.A cikin tsarin awo, sashi na 8 yana nufin tsayin kayan aiki, sashe na 9 kuma yana nufin girman ruwan wukake.Ana nuna tsayin kayan aiki da haruffa, yayin da masu girma dabam na rectangular da parallelogram saka girma, ana amfani da lambobi don nuna tsayin tsayi mafi tsayi a cikin millimita, yin watsi da ƙima da lambobi ɗaya waɗanda ke gaba da sifili.Sauran nau'ikan suna amfani da tsayin gefe a cikin millimeters (diamita na ruwan wukake) da kuma watsi da ƙima da ƙima da lambobi ɗaya tare da sifili.
Tsarin ma'auni yana amfani da sashe na goma da na ƙarshe, wanda ya haɗa da matsayi don ƙwararrun ƙwanƙwasa tare da juriya na ± 0.08mm don baya da ƙarshen (Q), gaba da baya (F), da baya, gaba da ƙare (B).
Ana samun kayan kida guda ɗaya a cikin salo iri-iri, girma da kaya iri-iri.Za a iya yin madaidaicin maki guda ɗaya daga ƙarfe mai sauri, ƙarfe carbon, gami da cobalt ko carbide.Koyaya, yayin da masana'antar ta koma ga kayan aikin jujjuyawar-ƙara, farashin waɗannan kayan aikin ya sa su kusan ba su da mahimmanci.
Kayan aikin da aka yi da goga suna amfani da jikin kayan da ba su da tsada da tukwici ko sarari na kayan yankan da suka fi tsada da aka goga da su zuwa wurin yanke.Abubuwan tukwici sun haɗa da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, carbide da boron nitride mai siffar sukari.Ana samun waɗannan kayan aikin a cikin girman A zuwa G, kuma ana iya amfani da salon kashe A, B, E, F, da G azaman kayan aikin yankan hannun dama ko hagu.Domin murabba'ai, lambar da ke biye da harafin yana nuna tsayi ko faɗin wuka a cikin goma sha shida na inci.Ga wuƙaƙe masu murabba'i, lamba ta farko ita ce jimillar faɗin shank a cikin ɗaya takwas na inci, lambar ta biyu kuma ita ce jimlar tsayin shank a cikin rubu'in inci.
Matsakaicin radius na kayan aikin tipped brazed ya dogara da girman shank kuma dole ne mai aiki ya tabbatar da cewa girman kayan aikin ya dace da buƙatun kammalawa.
Ana amfani da gundura musamman don kammala manyan ramuka masu fashe a cikin simintin gyare-gyare ko buga ramukan ƙirƙira.Yawancin kayan aikin suna kama da kayan aikin juya waje na gargajiya, amma kusurwar yanke yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda batutuwan ƙaura.
Rigidity kuma yana da mahimmanci ga aiki mai ban sha'awa.Matsakaicin diamita da buƙatar ƙarin izini kai tsaye suna shafar matsakaicin girman mashaya mai ban sha'awa.Ainihin overhang na karfe mai ban sha'awa mashaya ya ninka diamita na shank sau hudu.Wucewa wannan iyaka na iya rinjayar ƙimar cire ƙarfe saboda asarar taurin kai da ƙarin damar girgiza.
Diamita, modules na elasticity na kayan, tsayi, da kaya akan katako suna shafar taurin kai da juyewa, tare da diamita yana da tasiri mafi girma, sannan tsayin ya biyo baya.Ƙara diamita na sanda ko rage tsayi zai ƙara haɓaka sosai.
Modules na elasticity ya dogara da kayan da aka yi amfani da su kuma baya canzawa a sakamakon maganin zafi.Karfe ba shi da kwanciyar hankali a psi 30,000,000, karafa masu nauyi sun tsaya tsayin daka a psi 45,000,000, kuma carbides sun tsaya tsayin daka a psi 90,000,000.
Koyaya, waɗannan alkalumman suna da girma dangane da kwanciyar hankali, kuma sanduna shank na ƙarfe na ƙarfe suna ba da kyakkyawan aiki ga yawancin aikace-aikacen har zuwa 4: 1 L/D rabo.Sanduna masu ban sha'awa tare da tungsten carbide shank suna aiki da kyau a rabo na 6: 1 L/D.
Radial da axial yankan sojojin a lokacin m dogara a kan kwana na karkata.Ƙara ƙarfin turawa a ƙaramin kusurwar ɗagawa yana taimakawa musamman wajen rage girgiza.Yayin da kusurwar jagorar ya karu, ƙarfin radial yana ƙaruwa, kuma ƙarfin da yake daidai da hanyar yanke shi ma yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da girgiza.
Ƙwararren ɗagawar da aka ba da shawarar don sarrafa rawar rawar rami shine 0 ° zuwa 15 ° (Imperial. kusurwar ɗaga awo shine 90 ° zuwa 75 °).Lokacin da kusurwar jagorar ta kasance digiri 15, ƙarfin yankan radial ya kusan ninki biyu kamar lokacin da kusurwar jagorar ta kasance digiri 0.
Don yawancin ayyuka masu ban sha'awa, ingantaccen kayan aikin yankan an fi son su saboda suna rage ƙarfin yanke.Duk da haka, ingantattun kayan aikin suna da ƙaramin kusurwar sharewa, don haka dole ne mai aiki ya san yiwuwar haɗuwa tsakanin kayan aiki da kayan aiki.Tabbatar da isassun sharewa yana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da gundura ƙananan ramukan diamita.
Ƙaƙƙarfan radial da tangential a cikin m suna ƙaruwa yayin da radius na hanci ya karu, amma waɗannan rundunonin kuma suna da tasiri daga kusurwar gubar.Zurfin yanke lokacin da m zai iya canza wannan dangantaka: idan zurfin yanke ya fi girma ko daidai da radius na kusurwa, kusurwar jagora ta ƙayyade ƙarfin radial.Idan zurfin yanke ya kasance ƙasa da radius na kusurwa, zurfin yanke kanta yana ƙara ƙarfin radial.Wannan matsala ta sa ya zama mafi mahimmanci ga masu aiki suyi amfani da radiyon hanci karami fiye da zurfin yanke.
Horn USA ya haɓaka tsarin sauya kayan aiki mai sauri wanda ke rage saiti da lokutan canjin kayan aiki akan lathes na Swiss, gami da waɗanda ke da sanyin ciki.
Masu bincike na UNCC sun gabatar da na'ura zuwa hanyoyin kayan aiki.Manufar ita ce karyewar guntu, amma mafi girman adadin cire ƙarfe yana da tasiri mai ban sha'awa.
Gatura na niƙa na zaɓi na zaɓi akan waɗannan injina suna ba da damar sarrafa nau'ikan sassa daban-daban a cikin saiti ɗaya, amma waɗannan injunan suna da wahalar tsarawa.Koyaya, software na CAM na zamani yana sauƙaƙa aikin shirye-shirye sosai.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-04-2023